Impact of the food safety policies on the reduction of poverty in Tunisian rural areas

The observed trend of decreasing poverty in Tunisian rural areas, where agriculture is still dominated by family and where illiteracy rate and family size are high, questions may be raised about the economic policies adopted by the state. This article puts the analyses of these policies in the framework of food safety issue as food and poverty are tightly related and as food safety objective is multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary. In economic development plans, food safety objective took the place of self-sufficiency. The analysis of food safety policy is based on a macro-economic analysis of the offer (policies of production pricing and subsidizing, investment policies) and demand (Policies of consumption subsidies and consumer prices) as well as the policies of fight against poverty. This analysis covers two periods: before and after the economic reforms of privatization and liberalization of 1987 (PAS: Structural Adjustment Plan). The assessment of these policies shows that poverty fighting programs are numerous and rich in experiences. These policies are more and more based on assistance programs oriented toward productive actions. The liberalization and privatization efforts were reflected by better performance and competitiveness of the agricultural sector. This had a positive impact on the employment, the migration and the availability of food products in rural areas. The self targeting of the subsidies by differentiating the products reduced the budgetary cost of these transfers and enhanced the equity and the nutritional and food situation of the poor people. The higher increase in income of country people and the decrease of subsidies indicate the more and more use of income direct transfers.Poverty, rural area, structure adjustment, food safety, agricultural and food policies., Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty,

The surroundings of the Algiers’s citadel in the nineteenth century

[EN] The major works undertaken between 1817 and 1830 transformed the citadel of Algiers into a most important place of sovereignty and power, boasting different administrative, economic and religious centres. However, today, the physiognomy of the surroundings of this palace-fortress is marked by the upheaval of the French colonial period between 1830 and 1870. The creation of the Boulevard de la Victoire and the demolition, for security reasons, of the surrounding buildings, definitively altered the landscape and urban typology of the Ottoman period. This article examines the urban fabric of the ancient surroundings of the Citadel and their transformation during the nineteenth century. It traces back the development of the surroundings, and explains the reasons behind their demolition. The study tries also to give an assessment of the principle characteristics of the architectural components within their urban fabric.Chergui, S.; Haddad, D. (2020). Les abords de la citadelle d’Alger au XIXème siècle. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 577-584. https://doi.org/10.4995/FORTMED2020.2020.11370OCS57758

Résolution d'un problème de convection naturelle en 2D et 3D par la méthode spectrale

L'objectif de ce travail consiste à étudier le problème de la convection naturelle à l'intérieur d'une cavité carrée différemment chauffée à l'aide de la méthode spectrale. Les simulations numériques bidimensionnelles et tridimensionnelles sont effectuées pour différents nombres de Prandtl et de Rayleighcaractéristiquesde l'écoulement du fluide à l'intérieur de la cavité connu sous le nom d'écoulement de Hadley. La simulation numérique des écoulements incompressibles par les méthodes classiques tels que les différences finies, volumes finis et éléments finis, nécessite des temps de calcul relativement longs et une capacité de stockage très importante. Un modèle basé sur les méthodes spectrales a été développé et a mis en valeur la précision, la simplicité et la rapidité d'une telle méthode, notamment pour des simulations voulues de plus en plus proches de la réalité des processus multi-physiques complexes. La méthode spectrale sera utilisée dans notre étude afin d'effectuer des modélisations bidimensionnelles et tridimensionnelles des écoulements incompressibles en formulation vorticité-fonction de courant pour le modèle 2D et en utilisant la méthode d'Uzawa pour le modèle 3D. Les résultats de la simulation d'écoulements incompressibles par méthodes spectrales seront comparés à ceux obtenus par différences finies et en termes de temps de calcul et précision des résultats

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Processus de création des entreprises innovantes en Tunisie: résultats d’une étude exploratoire

Le présent article propose d’examiner la spécificité des entreprises innovantes en Tunisie, notamment celles spécialisées dans les technologies d’informations et de communications (TIC), et d’analyser les freins inhérents à leur création. Les données recueillies sont issues d’une étude qualitative exploratoire menée auprès d’un échantillon de dix-sept entreprises de hautes technologies, implantées dans le parc technologique El-Ghazala. Le choix de cet échantillon nous permet de récolter des informations qualitatives qui nous permettent, à leur tour, d’identifier à grands traits les particularités de ces structures industrielles, le profil de leurs créateurs, mais aussi les obstacles rencontrés lors de leur étape de création. Les résultats révèlent que les principaux freins liés à la création des entreprises innovantes en Tunisie, en particulier celles spécialisées dans les TIC, sont d’ordres institutionnels et financiers. Dans ce contexte, des recommandations concrètes aux pouvoirs publics tunisiens peuvent être formulées afin d’améliorer le processus de création des entreprises innovantes et de promouvoir davantage la culture entrepreneuriale chez les jeunes diplômés.This article proposes to examine the specificity of innovative companies in Tunisia especially those specialized in the technologies of information and communications (ICT) and analyze the brakes inherent in their creation. The data are from an exploratory qualitative study conducted among a sample of seventeen high-tech enterprises, located in El-Ghazala Technological Park. The choice of this sample allows us to collect qualitative information that allows us, in their turns, to identify in broad outline the specifics of these industrial structures, the profile of their creators but also the obstacles encountered during their creation stage. The results show that the main obstacles related to the creation of innovative companies in Tunisia, particularly in ICT, are institutional and financial. In this context, concrete recommendations to the Tunisian authorities can be made to improve the process of creating innovative companies and to further promote entrepreneurial culture among young graduates.En este artículo se propone examinar la especificidad de las empresas innovadoras en Túnez, sobre todo las especializadas en las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC), y analizar los frenos inherentes a su creación. Los datos provienen de un estudio cualitativo y exploratorio, realizado entre una muestra dediecisiete empresas de alta tecnología, ubicada en El-Ghazala Parque Tecnológico. La elección de esta muestra nos permite recoger información cualitativa que nos permite, en su turno, para identificar a grandes rasgos las características específicas de estas estructuras industriales, el perfil de sus creadores, sino también los obstáculos encontrados durante su etapa de creación. Los resultados muestran que los principales obstáculos relacionados con la creación de empresas innovadoras en Túnez, en particular en las TIC, son las órdenes de institucional y financiera. En este contexto, las recomendaciones concretas a las autoridades tunecinas se puede hacer para mejorar el proceso de creación deempresas innovadoras y para seguir promoviendo la cultura emprendedora entre los jóvenes graduados

Institutions et politiques publiques de soutien du système d'innovation de Tunisie. État des lieux

public policy, innovation system, Tunisia

Aplicação de modelos lineares para análise de expressão gênica em experimentos de microarrays

O presente trabalho objetivou comparar, utilizando dados de um experimento de Microarray com um delineamento simples, os resultados de diferentes testes estatísticos a fim de verificar suas características na detecção de diferenças no nível de expressão dos genes. Os dados foram provenientes da South Dakota State University-EUA, do Department of Biology and Microbiology, Department of Animal Science, onde toda a parte experimental foi realizada. O material biológico envolveu quatro aves infectadas e quatro não infectadas com o vírus de bronquite infecciosa (IBV). O RNA utilizado foi extraído da camada epitelial da traquéia de animais controle e infectados com o vírus da IBV e, após a transcrição reversa foi marcado com os corantes fluorescentes (Cy3 e Cy5) e hibridizados com o microarray 13k cDNA de aves (FHCRC, Seattle, WA). A análise de dados dos resultados do experimento de microarray englobou dois estágios, sendo o primeiro denominado de Normalização, em que os dados foram pré-processados utilizando o procedimento Loess. A seguir foram realizadas as análises estatísticas propriamente ditas com testes de significância. Utilizou-se um modelo simples de ANOVA e aplicaram-se diferentes metodologias de análise. A análise das imagens revelou que dos 16192 spots em cada slide, apenas 10.926 puderam ser lidos sem defeitos no primeiro slide, 11.633 no segundo slide, 12577 no terceiro e 13.154 no quarto slide. A grande maioria dos spots em branco e controles negativos apresentou defeitos que determinaram sua eliminação. Um total de 13.597 spots foi lido no conjunto dos quatro slides, mas apenas 9.853 spots estavam representados em todos os slides. Concluiu-se que os experimentos de microarray, por tratarem de um conjunto muito grande de observações a serem analisados requerem análises estatísticas específicas. O método de Cui et al. (2005) reduziu...The aim of this research was to compare, using real data of an experiment of Microarray with a simple design, the results of different statistical tests in order to verify their characteristics in the detection of differences in the level of expression of the genes. The data were coming of South Dakota State University-EUA, of the Department of Biology and Microbiology, Department Animal of Science, where the whole experimental part was accomplished. The biological material involved four infected animals and four no infected with the virus of infectious bronchitis (IBV). Used RNA was extracted of the layer epitelial of the windpipe of animals control and infected with the virus of IBV and, after the reverse transcription it was marked with the fluorescent colors (Cy3 and Cy5) and hybridization with the microarray 13k cDNA of birds (FHCRC, Seattle, WA). The analysis of data of the results of the microarray experiment included two apprenticeships, being the first denominated of Normalization, in that the data were pre-processed using the procedure Loess. To follow the statistical analyses they were accomplished properly said through real data with significant tests. A simple model of ANOVA was used and different analysis methodologies were applied. The analysis of the images revealed that of the 16192 spots in each slide, only 10.926 could be read without defects in the first slide, 11.633 in the second slide, 12577 in the third slide and 13.154 in the fourth slide. The great majority of the spots in white and negative controls presented defects that determined it elimination. A total of 13.597 spots was read in the group of the four slides, but only 9.853 spots were represented in all of the slides. It was ended that the microarray experiments, for they treat of a very big group of observations to be analyzed request specific statistical analyses. The method of Cui et al. (2005) it reduced... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Amélioration par voie microbiologique de la texture des yaourts brassés

PARIS-AgroParisTech Centre Paris (751052302) / SudocSudocFranceF

Rôle du réseau personnel dans l’identification et l’exploitation d’opportunités d’affaires

Le présent article propose d’analyser la dynamique de la configuration relationnelle de l’entrepreneur tunisien, incubé dans une pépinière d’entreprises, aux phases d’identification et d’exploitation d’opportunités d’affaires. Une enquête a été menée auprès de 97 porteurs de projets innovants, installés dans 13 pépinières tunisiennes. La méthodologie adoptée s’appuie sur une analyse descriptive et un test de comparaison des moyennes (le Test t de Student pour échantillons appariés). Les premiers résultats montrent que le passage d’une phase à une autre génère un changement dans le type de réseau et la nature des liens mobilisés par l’entrepreneur.This article proposes to analyze the dynamics of relational configuration of the Tunisian entrepreneur, incubated in a nursery, during the phases of identification and exploitation of business opportunities. A survey was conducted among 97 carriers of innovative projects, installed in 13 Tunisian nurseries. The methodology is based on a descriptive analysis and a comparison test of means (the Student Test for paired samples). Initial results show that the transition from one phase to another generates a change in the type of network and the nature of links mobilized by the contractor.En este artículo se propone analizar la dinámica de la configuración relacional del empresariado de Túnez que fue incubado durante las fases de identificación y explotación de oportunidades de negocio. Se realizó una encuesta de 97 responsables de proyectos innovadores en 13 incubadoras de Túnez. La metodología se basa en un análisis descriptivo y un análisis de comparación de medias (la prueba de t-Student en muestras pareadas). Los resultados iniciales muestran que la transición de una fase a otra genera un cambio en el tipo de red y en la naturaleza de los enlaces movilizados por el empresario

Le recul de l'emploi manufacturier privé en Tunisie : analyse de la région du littoral sur la période post-révolution (2011-2016)

L’objectif de l’article est d’analyser les nouveaux faits stylisés liés à la révolution tunisienne (perte de compétitivité, désindustrialisation et réallocation d’emploi entre les secteurs) qui ont touché les industries manufacturières privées, plus particulièrement celles installées dans la région du littoral. En s’appuyant sur le modèle de croissance régionale, nous décelons les déterminants de la (dé)croissance de l’emploi manufacturier dans la région du littoral tunisien à l’aide d’un panel de 14 secteurs répartis sur 150 délégations de 12 gouvernorats du littoral. Les résultats montrent que la spécialisation industrielle, la taille initiale des entreprises, la taille initiale des délégations, le salaire moyen, la proportion de la population 10 ans et plus ayant un niveau d’éducation primaire exercent un effet négatif sur la croissance d’emploi. En revanche, la diversité industrielle représente un facteur de croissance d’emploi. Une délégation dotée en main-d’œuvre qualifiée stimule sa croissance. Les résultats mettent en lumière également qu’un phénomène de réallocation de l’emploi détermine la croissance des secteurs. Enfin, un processus de convergence régionale a été enregistré dans les délégations du Centre Est ainsi qu’un effet remarquable des politiques de décentralisation sur la croissance des délégations du gouvernorat de Zaghouan et Manouba.The objective of the article is to analyze the new stylized facts related to the Tunisian revolution (loss of competitiveness, deindustrialization and reallocation of employment between sectors) which affected private manufacturing industries, more particularly those located in the coastal region. Based on the regional growth model, we identify the determinants of the (decrease) increase of manufacturing employment in the Tunisian coastal region using an unbalanced panel of 14 sectors spread over 150 delegations of 12 coastal governorates. The results show that industrial specialization, the initial size of establishments, the initial size of delegations, the average salary, the proportion of the population aged 10 years and over with a primary level have a negative effect on employment growth. In contrast, industrial diversity is a factor in employment growth. A delegation endowed with a qualified workforce stimulates its growth. The results also show that a phenomenon of job reallocation determines the growth of sectors. Finally, a process of regional convergence was recorded in the delegations of the Center-East as well as a remarkable effect of the decentralization policies on the growth of the delegations of the governorate of Zaghouan and Manouba